<p>The City Club, known also as the William Culbert House, is a historic ruin at the corner of Grand and 2nd Streets in Newburgh, New York. Designed in the early 1850s by Calvert Vaux and Andrew Jackson Downing, the house survived Urban Renewal efforts but succumbed to fire in 1981. Plans have been made since its destruction to reconstruct the interior, a project often paired with restoration of the nearby Dutch Reformed Church, but none have ever been executed. The house appears in Vauxs most celebrated work, Villas and Cottages  as Design No. 22. It is one of the earliest Second Empire houses in the United States, designed just after Detlef Lienaus now lost Hart M. Shiff House  and the earlier Edward Deacon House in Bostons South End. For a brief time in the late 1970s, the former City Club housed the offices of restorer Brian Thompson. Due to its centralized location, it has become a symbol of the restoration movement in Newburgh, also representing the citys decay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Culbert</h3><br>
<p>Dr. William A. M. Culbert (1822 — 1890) was born in New York City to a merchant family, newly arrived there following the Revolution. He attended the University of the City of New York, graduating from the Academic and Medical Departments with a BA, and pursuing homeopathy. Culbert studied under Professor of Surgery at the university, Dr. Valentine Mott, who at the time was deemed one of world&#39;s most esteemed surgeons. In the fall of 1847, Culbert arrived in Newburgh to begin his practice.</p><br>
<p>On October 12, 1852, he married Henrietta Powell (1832 — 1908), granddaughter of Thomas Powell (1769 —1856), an upstanding Newburgh citizen and merchant. Powell helped establish Newburgh as a shipping center, adding docks to villages bustling port for his freighting business. Originally from Hempstead, Powell came to the Hudson Valley with his mother and brother after the death of their father, Henry. Beginning in 1823, Thomas continued the mildly lucrative mercantile business he had begun with his brother, eventually amassing a fortune and ordering the construction of a steamboat fleet. One of the ships was named for his wife, affectionately known as the Mary Powell. Thomas and Mary had one son, Robert Ludlow Powell (1805 — 1833), who married Louisa A. Orso (1806 — 1896), the parents of Henrietta and several daughters. Due to Henriettas status, it became necessary for Culbert to earn the village&#39;s respect.</p><br>
<p>Sometime before the wedding, Culbert commissioned Downing & Vaux to build him a house and office on Grand Street. The exact date of erection is unknown, but city historian Helen VerNooy Gearn first estimated 1852 or earlier in conjunction with the wedding. Gearn also recognized that this may have been one of the last collaborations between Downing & Vaux, as Downing perished in a steamboat accident on July 28, 1852. In Villas and Cottages, the mark "D&V" indicates Design No. 22 is the firms work. The houses corner lot inherently made planning its street-facing side crucial, as it needed to be congruous with the slope and also keen to the eye. Due to the success of the architects at this task, the building is sometimes pictured from its 2nd Street side to capture its length. They anticipated Grand Street would become the main promenade of Newburgh; the house had to be impressive from every angle, suiting the occupiers.</p><br>
<p>Of Culberts medical career, John J. Nutt remarked that he was:"Carefully educated, possessed of an unusually clear and logical mind, fully alive to every advance in his profession and allowing no one dogma to fetter his judgment — he was a physician in the broadest sense of the term. Ever true to the interests of his patients, Dr. Culbert soon won and maintained to the time of his death the reputation of an accurate diagnostician, an independent thinker and an unusually practical and successful prescriber." The Sweet Brothers, Clayton E. and Clinton W., entered business with their uncle, James A. Orr, in 1871, establishing an East Coast base for the overall business in Wappingers Falls. By 1880, expansion of the companys operations prompted a relocation to Newburgh. Clayton E. Sweet and his wife Charity sold the house on March 1, 1904 to be used as a headquarters for the City Club.</p><br>
<h3>City Club Usage</h3><br>
<p>The City Club, a gentleman&#39;s social organization, formed in 1891.</p><br>
<p>With the surge of Urban Renewal demolition projects below Grand Street in 1970, the Newburgh URA finished the year by razing the Club&#39;s neighbor, the defunct Palatine Hotel. After the collapse of inner-city hotels during the 1940s, and failed attempts to revive the original splendor of the establishment, the hotel closed in 1957 following a bankruptcy filing. It sat abandoned for a decade. In the period between its shutdown and demolition, the hotel and club both suffered periodic vandalism and neglect.</p><br>
<h3>Law Library</h3><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the law library became a valuable resource for local lawyers and judges, remaining open to the public on weekdays from 9 am to 5 pm.</p><br>
<p>Following the December 1970 demolition of the Palatine, preservationists and the general public resented the Newburgh URA for its apathy. In January 1971, the Orange County Legislature, realizing the situation in Newburgh, petitioned to move the Ninth Judicial Law Library to the new county office building in Goshen.</p><br>
<p>Though the City Club itself was not keen on letting the building fall, they only attested a dwindling roster – about 85 men. Club President John S. Steegmuller announced plans for a building renovation, which crumbed by 1973 after facing scrutiny from the URA. In 1975, a member of the club claimed that "Half of the members belong just for the sake of their obituaries – they never come in here." In the first decades of the club&#39;s existence, most of the members lived within the city limits, but white flight meant most men had to travel from Balmville or further in the Town of Newburgh into the city, which had become undesirable.</p><br>
<h4>First Removal Plans (1971)</h4><br>
<p>On February 11, 1971, the legislature set a vote to remove the library, a measure sponsored by George R. Bartlett, Jr., R-Walden, chairman of the County Protective Educational Services Committee. County Executive Louis V. Mills had announced on January 8 that the county contributed $8,000 annually to the library, dispelling local claims that it was an autonomous institution. Bartlett wanted Orange County judges to have more convenient access to the materials, and all operations had been centralized in Goshen by October 1970. Ahearn contested the county, additionally because court terms at the City Courthouse had been absent in 1970; the undersheriff office in the city also closed. As no terms had yet been scheduled for 1971, his claim had grounds, and the association&#39;s attorney, Bernard Loth, encouraged Ahearn to fight for more terms. The progress of Courthouse Square, the only semi-successful Urban Renewal project in the city, was expected to protect the law library. Due to the county being tied with the developers of the project, Loth also feared tension with the county would induce removal of the City Club.</p><br>
<p>Sketches for Courthouse Square, or "Plaza" depicted the building intact beside a large public plaza on the site of the Palatine Hotel. Architectural firm Marvel, Whitfield and Remick, based in Newburgh, were responsible for the tentative plans, commissioned originally for $16,000 by Mills. County involvement was for the sake of possible additions to the 1841 Thornton Niven-designed City Courthouse, which served the eastern part of the county. These new additions would replace an older one, known colloquially as the "Law Building" but called by lawyers the Brewster Building after Eugene Augustus Brewster. They would also hold the law library in addition to various social services, now held in the New York State Armory on Broadway.</p><br>
<p>One of the project&#39;s successes was the completion of a Brutalist building to house the Newburgh Free Library and Board of Education, placed on the plaza; it originally had been placed on the site of the current parking lot.</p><br>
<p>At the February convening of the legislature, Ahearn arrived with a bargain, claiming that Newburgh mayor George McKneally would be able to convince the city council to pay $5,000 rent to keep the law library where it was. Backed by a state-appointed board of trustees, the library agreed to donate federal reports to the separate, county-operated library. Bartlett postponed action on his resolution to March as Ahearn and the Bar Association sorted matters out. In March, after the legislatures difficulty in legally removing the library from the City Club, they called upon the State Legislature for assistance. Bartlett, not swayed by Ahearns offer, reminded the legislature that the county could not afford two libraries. A 4-5 vote caused indecision within the library board of trustees, and the situation lost its forward movement.</p><br>
<p>By involving the Board of Education, the City Club&#39;s inclusion in the plans for Courthouse Square ultimately saved it for the time being. As plans for the new building underwent consideration, Ahearn even proposed that the library be partly contained within the Newburgh Free Library, serving as one complete library for public use. Others believed that the legal literature would be too difficult to access removed from its reach of the law librarians.</p><br>
<h4>Eviction and Preservation (1972 - 1976)</h4><br>
<p>Out of the URA&#39;s hands, the Board of Education undertook responsibility for the City Club, perceived as the monitor for all Courthouse Square dealings. Just as the Bar Association had faith in the Board of Education, it took four years for them to decide on a definite fate for the building. They chose demolition, as it "offended the eye." In its place, they wanted an unobstructed view of the library, and planned to landscape the 45" x 122" land with taxpayer dollars, in addition to the $30,000 demolition cost.</p><br>
<p>Elsie Moores Pyburn, a consistent supporter of historic preservation in Newburgh, formed Historic Ventures, Inc. after the success of Elizabeth Lyon on Montgomery Street in 1974. With the help of Lyon, Pyburn also formed the general Committee for Saving the City Club, which received anonymous support via donations. In October 1975, Pyburn and Terri Holbert, representing the Greater Newburgh Arts Council, urged the city to apply for $14,000 of federal funding to rescue the building. With the donations from private individuals, a total of $28,000 could be matched to secure the building from its owners. had been served a demolition permit from the city for November 24. The exact reason for the permit at this date is unclear, but likely attributed to pressure from the Board of Education, who would want to begin landscaping in the spring to celebrate the opening of the new library.</p><br>
<p>City Club members were reluctant to let the building fall, but sale of the land plot to the Board of Education for $30,000 would be enough to liquidate their debts. Rent was paid by the library to upkeep the building, and with the clubs forced eviction of their tenant, both groups faced hardship. The library was given 30 days to remove its contents, which were placed temporarily in the unfinished new courthouse addition, where they stayed inaccessible, frustrating lawyers. Steegmuller expressed regret for the situation, and was not entirely appreciative of Pyburn and other preservationists, who he felt arrived at the "last minute", as he and Ahearn had stressed the buildings historic significance years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Pyburn summoned Irish restorer Brian Thompson to assist in her cause. Newly arrived to the city, Thompson was surveying possible abandoned or derelict properties to restore. Pyburn and other native preservationists notified him of the City Clubs impending demolition. Agreeing it should be preserved, he was able to lessen the Board of Educations pressure on the demolition, pushing plans back until after the holidays. At a Board Meeting on January 27, 1976, president Murray Cohen gave Thompson six months to restore the building, notifying him it would be torn down if he did not deliver satisfactory results. While he began to plan his restoration, Cohen and school trustees contacted lawyers to ensure the building would not be protected by historic preservation laws. Many supported Thompsons efforts and reasoned that a commercial occupancy could fill the vacant building. Even if Thompson failed, with public support for the City Clubs preservation expanding, the National Park Service approved a $14,000 grant the city could use to purchase of the building, which would could then sold to a private developer.</p><br>
<p>In May, the city council became involved as City Manager James R. Taylor contemplated signing an agreement between Thompson and the Board of Education. The former party had apparently ignored Murray Cohen&#39;s request for a new agreement, afraid he had changed his mind. Thompson instead involved the preservationists, who were not legally connected to the agreement in any way, and could be trusted for their support. A new four-part agreement included Thompson, the Board of Education, City Club members, and Taylor. Throughout the process, Thompson avoided entrapping himself.</p><br>
<h3>Thompson Building</h3><br>
<p>After negotiations with the club&#39;s lawyer, Thompson agreed to sign the four-part agreement. The Board and Thompson were not on good terms. Cohen was insulted that Thompson showed reluctance to the agreement, and had eagerly begun his work in March assuming the deal would work itself out.</p><br>
<p>On June 1, the new law library in the courthouse addition opened. The Newburgh Free Library opened on February 2.</p><br>
<p>As Thompson began to undertake more restoration projects in the city, he began renting out offices within the building, later taking an office for himself. Exterior restoration continued into the summer of 1977, as Thompson had become preoccupied with settling business. Acid was used to remove a maroon-colored paint from the original brick; windows were restored after a cleaning of the exterior took place. Interior heating and air conditioning were also added for the new office suites. By September 1978, the Orange County District Attorney, a law firm, and Avon had offices, with an additional one left for a tenant.</p><br>
<p>Thompson&#39;s office displayed photographs of the castles and manor houses he was renowned for restoring in the British Isles, among them Cloghan Castle, his residence in Ireland. A 4" replica of the Thompson family crest hung beside ancestral portraits. In the outside hallway on the second floor hung the Union Jack and Maple Leaf flags; Thompson did not consider himself very American, but once considered obtaining citizenship.</p><br>
<p>Business at the newly-renamed "Thompson Building" was conduced smoothly, assisted by mainly white suburbanites who had been raised in the city but fled with white flight. They conducted Thompsons office work while Blacks and Latinos completed restoration work with Thompsons crew. Due to the superiority of his presence in the city, he suspected that slumlords harbored a disdain for his favor with the city council. Some retaliated against his methods in violent ways. In October 1976, one of his early restoration projects, 235 Montgomery Street, had been firebombed. Months earlier, a fire injured 4 men at his first project, 87 Broad Street, built by Downing&#39;s brother. He immediately suspected the work had been that of a disgruntled slumlord. Resentment towards Thompson only worsened.</p><br>
<h4>Fire (1981)</h4><br>
<p>On December 6, 1981, at approximately 7:00 PM, a fire began at the Thompson Building. Newburgh and New Windsor fire companies rushed to the scene, the street being filled with heavy smoke on arrival. The source of the smoke was identified as the basement, seeping from one of the windows that had been covered with plywood for a decade. Flames rushed through the building between its walls, scorching the attic and beginning a collapse of the roof. Fireman battled the blaze in chilling winds until 3:30 AM, and issues with water pressure in the hoses prolonged the flames. Several fireman were rushed to the hospital for injuries, mainly burns. Immediately, the fire was concluded as being "suspicious" and arson was considered, being that the fire had emerged from two locations. A crowd gathered outside the charred remains on December 7, remarking the great loss. The public formed three theories to explain the mysterious fire.</p><br>
<p>An enemy of Thompson decided to set the building alight over a dispute, hoping to halt restoration efforts by removal of his Newburgh office. A friend of Thompson&#39;s penned a letter to the editor, published in The Evening News, titled "Arson in Newburgh" detailing the context of this theory. Instead of welfare recipients or insurance policyholders, thought to be perpetrators of arsons in the historic district, the writer argued that "Only the super-leftist, Maoist-like, anti-preservation extremists enhance their goal by the arson-shrinking of the historic district the goal of frightening preservation out of Newburgh. But they were emboldened to such a feverish combustion rate by a worsening City Hall attitude towards preservation that condones mutilation of the historic district, that belittles restorers, that almost makes acts of brutality against architecture respectable."</p><br>
<p>Thompson committed arson himself because he had incriminating documents stored in the building. This theory is complicated by his efforts to obtain a city tax break a week following the fire. City Councilman Donald Presutti denied Thompson the right to make install payments for 30 of his restoration projects, saying it would set a precedent the city tax base could not handle. Loss of the City Club actually crippled Thompson&#39;s efforts, forcing him to beg for exemptions on tax laws.</p><br>
<p>The fire was caused naturally, by faulty wiring, overheating, etc.</p><br>
<p>The City Club was mourned for years after the fire, and an architect even completed sketches in 1986, showing interest in possibly restoring it again. Steel beams were placed in between the building&#39;s remaining outer brick walls to prevent collapse. Plans to make the building a commercial or mixed use space were developed as late as 2018.</p><br>
<p>Artist Martin Roth (1977–2019) planned to transform the City Club into a "plant concert" or sound garden using the plants and flowers that have grown throughout the abandoned building. Using bio-sonification, a system that translates the internal frequencies of plants into musical notes, he planned to create an electronic soundscape that shifts as the plants grow or sway in the wind, or if visitors interact with them. His death in 2019 complicated plans for the installation. As of June 2021, curator Kelly Schroer of the Newburgh-based public art organization says the project will come to life.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Lake Shore Apartments is a historic apartment building at 470-498 Sheridan Road in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story building was built in 1927. Its location was chosen to provide views of Lake Michigan and relative distance from Evanston&#39;s busier commercial areas; to compensate for this, the owners provided residents with transportation to local schools and public transit stations. Architect Roy F. France, who also designed several other Evanston apartment buildings, designed the building in the Georgian Revival style. The building features a brick exterior with terra cotta detailing, projecting bays and bow windows, and an arcade leading to a private courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Maple Court Apartments is a historic apartment building at 1115-1133 Maple Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1915. Architect George S. Kingsley gave the building a geometrical design similar to those used in Prairie School buildings, though the building is not itself Prairie School. The buildings design includes patterned brickwork, limestone arches and windowsills, and parapets with decorative sunbursts. The U-shaped building surrounds an open courtyard, a common feature of Evanstons apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan Avenue Historic Commercial District in Detroit is a group of commercial buildings located along the south side of two blocks of Michigan Avenue, from 3301–3461. This section of buildings is the most intact collection along this stretch of Detroit&#39;s Michigan Avenue. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the mid-19th century, Detroit became home to numerous German immigrants. They initially settled on the east side of the city, along Gratiot near the central business district. However, as the city grew and pushed its boundaries westward, the German community established a neighborhood on the city&#39;s west side, beyond Corktown. The commercial heart of the German neighborhood was along Michigan Avenue from 22nd to 24th Street. By 1887, this section was built up with primarily brick commercial buildings. The businesses represented included a wood and coal business, a carriage and wagon shop, a shoe store, saloon, butcher, and grocer. A number of new buildings were constructed in the district around this time, including the 1887 Reeber Building and the 1889 Schulte and Kaiser Building. By 1897, the commercial district extended along both sides of Michigan Avenue, with buildings occupying all lots available. However, the buildings on the northern side have been largely demolished, leaving only the section on the southern side.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the rise of Detroit manufacturing had made the area around the district substantially industrial, and the residential neighborhoods attractive to factory workers. The commercial section along Michigan Avenue flourished, with all kinds of businesses represented. As the automobile became more common, the section of industrial plants became concentrated in larger operations. By 1929, the district was still a flourishing commercial areal, housing a grocer, jeweler, movie house, candy store, bank, interior decorator, and furniture store.</p><br>
<p>However, by 1940, the Great Depression had taken its toll, and there were an increased number of vacancies. A project in the mid-1930s to widen Michigan Avenue had also resulted in the loss of some buildings, particularly some of the stock opposite the current district on the north side of Michigan. By 1950, many of the local automotive factories had moved to larger, more modern plants, and the surrounding neighborhood was in decline. Additionally, the architecture seen in the commercial district was out of style, and newer buildings were constructed to be more modern. A city planning project demolished many of the houses south of Michigan Avenue to make room for more industry, and the area became less desirable to live in. Businesses along the section of Michigan Avenue dwindled, and by the late 1960s many of the buildings were vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-block section of Michigan Avenue defining the district contains 18 buildings, 13 of which are historically significant. These are all commercial structures, ranging from one to three stories, and were constructed primarily between 1884 and 1925. The buildings represent typical late 19th century and early 20th century commercial styles, in particular Italianate and Commercial Style. Several of the buildings have been modernized with alterations to their facades.</p><br>
<p>The buildings included in the district are:</p><br>
<p>Wolverine Theater (3301 Michigan Avenue): constructed 1918. A one-story brick building with a large parapet originally used for signage. The facade is covered with vertical wood siding.</p><br>
<p>3311 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1922. A one-story brick building with a flat roof. The front has brick column detailing and a stone cap.</p><br>
<p>3315-3317 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1898. A two-story brick building with a flat roof. The two street numbers are assigned to a primary entry in the center of the façade, and a slightly narrower secondary entry close to one end which leads up to the second-floor apartments. A storefront cornice is topped by a stone sill that united the second-story windows. The building cornice has decorative brickwork in a scallop pattern.</p><br>
<p>3321 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1910. A one-story yellow brick building with a flat roof. The storefront is framed by brick pilasters and sets of paired metal brackets support a metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>3325 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1896. A three-story yellow brick building with a flat roof. The second and third stories are unified by a large round arch with decorative keystone, recessed about two feet, placed in the center of the building. The arch is filled with a projecting bay window on the second floor and a door on the third. The arch is flanked by window openings on both levels; the third floor windows are arched.</p><br>
<p>3333 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1900. A three-story brick red building with a flat roof. It is divided into two bays: a thin one on one end with an entry door and single windows above, and the main bay with a storefront ad three sets of paired windows above.</p><br>
<p>Reeber Furniture Company Building (3363 Michigan Avenue): constructed 1887 and designed by Peter Dederichs, Jr. and Joseph E. Mills. A seventy-foot long two-story building constructed of brick. The façade is divided into three asymmetrical bays by brick pilasters with stone capitals and decorative stone accents at the base. The window openings on the second floor have arched stone moldings with a small scroll design. A cornice with corbeled brickwork runs along the roofline.</p><br>
<p>Grosfield Building (3365 Michigan Avenue): constructed 1893 and designed by Joseph E. Mills. A three-story brick building with a flat roof. The most architecturally distinctive building in the district, this structure contains several Queen Anne details, including textured stone trim, patterned brickwork, terra cotta insets, semi-circular arched openings and a cylindrical tower with conical roof. Stone belt courses run between the stories.</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s State Bank (3401 Michigan Avenue): constructed 1925. A one-story building with a flat roof, faced with limestone. The building has three bays along Michigan and eight bays along the side street. The primary entrance is through a recessed portico flanked by Ionic columns. The front door is framed with a pediment.</p><br>
<p>3415 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1884. A two-story brick building with a flat roof. This building was constructed as a unified triple building, along with 3419 and 3423 Michigan. It is divided into four bays.</p><br>
<p>3419 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1884. A two-story brick building with a flat roof. This building was constructed as a unified triple building, along with 3415 and 3423 Michigan. The ground floor has evidence of arched window treatments, not shared with the other two buildings. It is divided into four bays.</p><br>
<p>3423 Michigan Avenue: constructed 1884. A two-story brick building with a flat roof. This building was constructed as a unified triple building, along with 3415 and 3419 Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Schulte and Kaiser Grocery Building (3461 Michigan Avenue): constructed 1889 and designed by Peter Dederichs, Jr. A two-story brick building with a flat roof and projecting parapet. Ot is divided into eight bays and two storefronts; the storefronts are currently filled in. A corner entry is located at one end. The storefronts and corner entry are set off by decorative brick pilaster with decorative stone treatment.</p><br>
<p>Melwood Apartments is a historic apartment building at the northeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Hamilton Street in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1901, the three-story building was one of the first apartment buildings in Evanston. Its construction sparked an outcry in the surrounding neighborhood, which had consisted entirely of single-family houses; the controversy was a precursor to further fights over zoning in Evanston, which ultimately led to the city passing the state&#39;s first zoning law in 1921. Architect Wilmore Alloway designed the building with elements of various popular architectural styles of the period. The building features Colonial Revival entrances, Richardsonian Romanesque columns, and Neoclassical ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Michigan-Lee Apartments is a historic apartment building at 940–950 Michigan Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1928. Architect Frank W. Cauley, who also designed Evanstons Orrington Hotel, designed the building in the Georgian Revival style. The building features entrances flanked by columns, limestone quoins, and a parapet with decorative urns. A sunken courtyard occupies the center of the building; while courtyards were common in Evanstons apartments, the sunken design is unusual within the city.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Oakton Gables is a historic apartment building at the southeast corner of Oakton Street and Ridge Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1927. Architect Godfrey E. Larson designed the Tudor Revival building. The buildings design includes limestone trim and window hoods, a raised central courtyard, and gables projecting above the roofline, some of which are half-timbered. The designs use of copper is particularly distinctive; the courtyard entrance has copper-clad towers on either side, and it is also used for downspouts and flashing.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Oak Ridge Apartments is a historic apartment building at 1615-1625 Ridge Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1914. Architect Andrew Sandegren, who also designed several Chicago apartment buildings, designed the building in the Tudor Revival style; Sandegren would go on to live in the building. The building features projecting entrance bays, an open central courtyard, and a crenellated roofline with projecting gables. Each apartment included amenities meant to cater to upper-class residents, such as servants&#39; quarters, sunrooms, and brick fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Ridge Boulevard Apartments is a historic apartment building at the southeast corner of Ridge Avenue and Main Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1913. Owner Thomas McCall, who was also an architect, designed the building. McCalls design included miter arched entrances, bay windows, stone banding, and a rear courtyard. The twenty-one apartments in the building featured amenities such as sun porches, servants rooms, and fireplaces in the larger units.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Burton-Rosenmeier House is a historic house in Little Falls, Minnesota. Built in 1903 by businessman Barney Burton, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1986, for both its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<p>The house now serves as the Little Falls Convention and Visitor Center.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is located along Little Falls First Street Southeast, south of the Little Falls Commercial Historic District and northeast of the Charles A. Weyerhaeuser and Musser Houses. The house faces east and features a ravine and an oxbow lake in the back, as well as a carriage house. It is of the Classical Revival style and contains two stories, an attic, and a basement. The frame of the house is constructed of wood with foundation walls of stone. The exterior is covered with clapboard siding. The houses rectangular main body is covered with a hipped roof, with sections of gable roof over a bay window at the front of the house and an extension in the back of the house. The windows&#39; frames are corniced. Most of the windows are double-hung sash windows, though an oval window is on the south facade, near the front entryway. The front facade of the house is where the most dominant visual feature is. The front porch extends the whole length of the facade with circular pavilions at both ends. Tuscan columns on either way of the front stairs support a flat balcony protruding from the main body. The balcony has a balustraded rail and doubles as a roof, covering a screened porch on the second story of the house. Protruding from this porch are the roofs of the circular pavilion, which are connected by Ionic columns. Yet another porch can be found in the southwest corner of the house, by the kitchen. This porch is glass-enclosed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Barney Burton was the son of Polish immigrants, originally settling in Peoria, Illinois before moving up into Wisconsin. When he turned 18, he moved to St. Cloud, Minnesota and started a clothing business with his brother, Jacob. Seeking a better location, they moved to Little Falls in 1886. Little Falls was flourishing as a community due to the so-called "timber boom" years. Just like the community, the Burtons clothing business prospered. Barney became the sole owner of the business after Jacob left to pursue other ventures independently. Barneys business expanded into Central and North Minnesota, selling wool clothing to lumberjacks in the area. Burton married Sara Deutsch of Minneapolis in 1894. Deutsch died the following year during childbirth. Burton married her sister, Josephine, in 1898; they had three children in their lifelong relationship. In 1903, the family built a home in Little Falls following a pattern book from George F. Barber, a prominent architect. Burton remained prominent in Little Falls business activities until his death in 1942. Josephine died in 1953 in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>Christian Rosenmeier was a prominent figure in Morrison County following his graduation from University of Minnesota Law School as president of his class in 1906. He originally established a law office in Royalton and married Linda Bakken. The couple had three children. Christian moved to Little Falls following his election as county attorney, a post he resigned from in 1920 to focus on his role as vice-president of American National Bank of Little Falls as well as the American Savings and Trust Company. In 1921, he became president of both companies. The same year, the Rosenmeiers purchased the Burton house and established it as a law office. The following year, Christian was elected to the Minnesota State Senate for the area, a post he held until his death in 1932. Christian was instrumental in designating the Charles A. Lindbergh House as a state park and the creation of Camp Ripley.</p><br>
<p>One of the three children, Gordon Rosenmeier, followed in his fathers footsteps and graduated from Stanford University in 1932 after being admitted to the California State Bar. He returned to Minnesota and went into his fathers law office, still in the former Burton house. Like his father, Gordon was elected to the state Senate in 1940. He joined the United States Navy in 1942 and won his Senate seat in absentia in 1944. He continued to keep his seat until 1971. Gordon still resided in the house when it became a registered Historic Place in 1986, with him listed as the owner of the house on the nomination form.</p><br>
<p>The Little Falls Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library in Little Falls, Minnesota. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 1980, for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The Little falls library differentiates itself from other Carnegie libraries as it doesn&#39;t follow the traditional Neoclassical style, instead following the American Craftsman style under architect Fremont D. Orff. The library was granted on March 14, 1902, and opened on February 7, 1905. It is still open and serves as a library today, as part of the Great River Regional Library.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The library is built in the American Craftsman style, constructed of brick and stone and measuring two stories. The basement is constructed with locally sourced fieldstone arranged in a random pattern, which can be seen surrounding the exterior of the building. Buff-colored bricks are used for the main level, which is separated from the basement level with a gray granite water table. The building is covered by a dormered gable roof. The exterior has a lack of ornamentation, although some can be found on the bargeboard on the gables and dormers and the granite quoins that surround the front entrance. The building was built on a cruciform plan, which is evident in the interior arrangement within the library. The main floor features a centrally-located circulation area with reading rooms to the left and right and bookshelves to the rear. Originally, the lower floor served as an auditorium but has since been converted to a children&#39;s area. The attic is a large, finished area used for storage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little Falls first library occupied two rooms in the Butler Block, a part of the Little Falls Commercial Historic District. This library was opened in August 1892 and accumulated around 800 books. As more and more books fell into the librarys possession, the city of Little Falls turned to Andrew Carnegie, a figure who was well known for his funding of community libraries. The city debated where the library should be built, as the town needed to own the land in order to receive funding from Carnegie. The chosen site was strongly supported by Charles Lindbergh Sr. because he believed it was important for the town&#39;s library to have a large lawn and trees for shade. The city bought the property and received a $10,000 grant from Carnegie in 1902. Lindbergh also contributed funds for the library, along with members of the Weyerhauser and Musser families, who accumulated their fortune from their Pine Tree Lumber Company. Construction began in 1904 and the library first opened on February 7, 1905. In its inaugural year, the library recorded 1,415 registered borrowers and housed 2,015 books. For comparison, in 2007, the library had 8,335 registered borrowers and housed 36,949 items. The library was listed on the NRHP in 1980, became a part of the Great River Regional Library System in 1989, finished construction to an addition on the building in 1999 and became equipped with wireless internet in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Ridge Grove is a historic apartment building at 1112 Grove Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1928. Architect Edward M. Sieja designed the building, which incorporates geometric and Neoclassical elements. The building features a projecting section across most of its front facade, sidelights and a fan around the entrance, limestone trim, and piers at its corners. The lobby includes a mock fireplace to resemble the foyer of a house.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Ridge Manor is a historic apartment building at the northeast corner of Ridge Avenue and Davis Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1916. The building consists of two sections: the section facing Ridge Avenue contains the buildings larger apartments, while the U-shaped section facing Davis Street contains smaller apartments and includes an open courtyard. Architect William H. Pruyn, Jr., designed the building. The buildings design features limestone detailing, protruding bays, and a cornice and parapet at the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duquesne is a historical French former fur trade post. It was built and was first discovered in 1983. The following year, on November 15, 1984, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The site is about two miles north of Little Falls, on the west side of the Mississippi River. Since 2004, the site is part of the Charles A. Lindbergh State Park, as a result of a law passed by the Minnesota Legislature.</p><br>
<p>The fort was about 75 by 150 feet and consisted of three to five buildings. After being only used for one to two years, it was destroyed by a fire. The fort also has been described with having 13-foot wooden walls. Hand-painted bowls, glass beads, and gunflint were all discovered at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Little Falls Commercial Historic District is a historic district in downtown Little Falls, Minnesota, consisting of the approximately 6 acres of 1st Street SE between 1st Avenue SE and 1st Avenue NE. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 22, 1994, for its significance as the historic commercial center of Little Falls.</p><br>
<p>The district comprises 37 buildings on 4 blocks along the intersection of 1st Street SE and Broadway Avenue, an area referred to as "Bank Square". Like the name suggests, multiple banks are located in the district, as well as many types of stores and restaurants. A movie theater and American Legion is also in the district.</p><br>
<p>Of the buildings, 32 are deemed contributing, and were built between 1887 and 1936.</p><br>
<p>Selected buildings are:</p><br>
<p>Buckman Hotel (1901), 100-106 First Avenue S.E., rebuilt to an 1892 design after a fire; a three-story brick building</p><br>
<p>Little Falls Theatre (1933), a Moderne building designed by Minneapolis architect Perry Crosier.</p><br>
<p>The Morrison County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Little Falls, Minnesota. The building was completed in 1890 or 1891 and still serves as the county courthouse today. The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 5, 1978, due to its Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style and the fact that it is made completely of local material.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse, located near the central business district of Little Falls, was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style using cream-colored bricks and gray granite. Many distinctive features make up the design, which include complex rooflines, various towers, decorative gables, multi-colored facades, semicircular arched windows and doors, as well as the usage of stained glass. Granite is used for the foundation. Granite is also used for banding, which feature decorations with historical subjects. The material is used for window sills, lintels, and arches over the two primary entryways as well. The four-story clock tower is the dominant feature of the building. It has a square plan and a hip roof. Roofing of the entire building is sheathed using slate shingles. Inside the courthouse, facilities for county offices, penal system, courts, welfare department and superintendent of schools are present. The courtroom and adjoining judge&#39;s chambers, along with the jury room, are on the second floor of the building. Oak woodwork can be found throughout the interior. The structural system is also wood. Offices and the courthouse within the building have a fireplace with a uniquely-designed mantel and decorative hearth. In addition, offices and the second floor have maple wood flooring. The main foyer has octagonal ceramic tile flooring.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Morrison County was established in 1856. At its foundation, $8,000 was issued from the county in the form of bonds to build a courthouse. Only one room could be used by 1860 and by 1869, the courtroom was finished. This courthouse, however, was a frame building and proved inadequate for the county&#39;s needs. So, in 1890-91, a new courthouse was constructed. Designed by C.A. Dunham and built by Minneapolis-based Foster and Smith, the building was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and cost $55,000. Citizens voted to keep this design in the 1950s and again in 1969. They also decided that any additions should be in the form of annexes. 1961 saw the addition of a rectangular two-story on the north side of the building, costing $187,519. Another addition was made in 1969, a matching brick annex was built in the northeast corner of the building, this time costing $500,000. The oak used in the building was restored in 1978, the same year the building was added to the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of the Angels Academy is a historic Catholic school in rural Belle Prairie Township, near Little Falls, Minnesota. The school was built in 1911 and underwent expansions in 1931, 1951, and again in 1958. The academy closed in May of 1969 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 28, 2005, for its significance as a local example of the national Catholic school system.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Tree Lumber Company Office Building is a historic building in Little Falls, Minnesota. It was built in 1891 as a headquarters for the Pine Tree Lumber Company, headed by Charles Weyerhaeuser and Richard Musser. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Little Falls was chosen as the location for the company because of its location on the Mississippi River and because of the Northern Pacific Railway that ran through the time. The business was a part of the "timber boom" years for Little Falls, a time of great development, notably reflected in the Little Falls Commercial Historic District. It is the last remaining building associated with the business.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is located in a wooded area on the east shore of the Mississippi River, about a half-mile north of Little Falls commercial center. It faces east on First Street, one of the major roads in the town. A spur track and bridge of the Northern Pacific Railway can be found on the northern boundary of the building. This rail line served the companys processing facilities on both sides of the river. Immediately north of the spur line and house was the east shore lumber mill. The house has a two-story rectangular body constructed of brick. It is built on a raised granite foundation and covered with a hipped roof that features a flat top in the center. Curved dormers, referred to as "eyebrow dormers", are present on the north and south sides of the roof and provide light to the attic. Flat arched windows come in pairs and are placed in pier-defined bays. Centered in the rear facade, a two-story extension measuring 15 by 25 feet is present. Enclosed porches at the entrances of the front and back of the building, along with the northwest corner of the building. Many of the buildings elements are symmetrical, including cornices, lintels, and sills. These elements also emphasize the Italianate and classical revival architecture that ever present throughout the areas commercial buildings. The dominant features are the oversized windows of the building, which further emphasize the commercial use of the building rather than resident use. In 1927, however, the building was sold and the interior offices were turned into apartments.</p><br>
<h3>Company overview</h3><br>
<p>The Pine Tree Lumber Company was founded in Little Falls between 1890 and 1892 by a sizable number of lumber magnates from Wisconsin and Minnesota. Of these magnates, perhaps the most famous was Frederick Weyerhaeuser. The company was considered his entrance into the Minnesotan lumber market. Commercial operations began in Little Falls on May 18, 1891. Employing around 500 men, the companys facilities quickly became the towns largest industry, with 60 million feet of pine wood cut and ten million laths produced annually. A 1915 book listed Charles Weyerhauser, Frederick&#39;s son, as the president. The company also had saw mills in Oregon and Washington. After reaching its production peak in 1902, less and less wood came out of the facilities, and the company closed its doors around 1920.</p><br>
<p>The William Warren Two Rivers House Site and Peter McDougall Farmstead  is a historic farmstead near Royalton, Minnesota. The site was built in 1847, and was where William Whipple Warren wrote his recounting of the history of the Ojibwe people, titled History of the Ojibways based upon Traditions and Oral Statements.</p><br>
<p>The preserves around the farmstead measure up to 215-acres and consist of 18 different vegetative types, including prairies, savannahs, forests, swamps, and woodlands. About 145 birds and 13 mammals have been observed around the homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site consists of a farmhouse, blacksmith, machine shed, corn crib, three cellar depressions, and a four-bay barn with a granary and dairy shed attached. The site measures 100 yards long by 70 yards wide and is bordered by various natural and man-made barriers. On the east side, a wire fence is found. A small grove forms the north border. The west border is a levee which drops away from the site. A mix of trees and hedges makes up the south border. Located on an alluvial plain, the site is mostly level and overlooks the Mississippi River, which is less than a quarter-mile west of the site. All of the farmsteads buildings are of frame construction and have fieldstone foundations. The oldest building, the barn, was built in 1874, while the newest is the shed addition to the barn, completed in the early 20th century. The majority of the sites structures were completed prior to 1900.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse is the northernmost structure and measures two stories. It is a simple gabled roof structure that has a symmetrical facade and does not feature any ornamentation. Though vernacular in style, the farmhouse more closely resembles those of the eastern United States and Canada than the Midwestern United States. A summer kitchen and woodshed are attached to the house in a one-story gabled wing. It is located in a grove of oak and fir trees. To the south of the farmhouse, a row of three structures is present. The first in this row is the blacksmith, which has windows and a chimney. The original door was replaced with a garage door. Between the blacksmith and the machine shed and a few feet to the west was the site of the James McDougall cabin and the first Two Rivers post office. A cellar depression is still visible at the location of the cabin. The machine shed, the second building in the row, was designed in the English barn style and has retained three original doors. One set was replaced with a sliding door. The last building in the row, the corn crib, was unique for its resemblance to a shed and its sliding doors. The structures in the row were constructed in the late 19th century. The barn, like the machine shed, was constructed in the English barn style. It was also built in the mortise and tenon fashion, with pegged joinery and hand-hewn timber. Both center bays acted as hubs for grain harvesting, with the north acting as a drive-through for wagons and the south containing a threshing floor. The end bays have two levels, with the bottom level containing stalls for cattle and oxen and the top level acting as a hay loft. A one-story granary extends to the north and a dairy shed extends to the west. The exterior is cased in tin, but the original board and batten siding is still present in the interior. Two cellar depressions belonging to buildings relating to William Warren are present to the west of the barn. The northern depression was the location of the Warren cabin, while it is not known what was occupied at the location of the southern depression. Most likely, the southern depression was the site of Warren&#39;s trading post or barn.</p><br>
<p>The Charles A. Weyerhaeuser and Musser Houses are historic houses in Little Falls, Minnesota that were the homes of Charles Augustus Weyerhaeuser  and Richard Drew Musser , founders of the Pine Tree Lumber Company, a business that played a major role in the growth of Little Falls, as it built a strong lumber industry within the town. The houses were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1985. The houses are now the location of the Linden Hill Historic Estate.</p><br>
<p>The houses were the location of a concert by famous pianist Van Cliburn after he won the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>From the official nomination form:</p><br>
<p>The Almond A. White House is a historic house in Motley, Minnesota. Built in 1902, the Queen Anne architecture is unique compared to other buildings in the town, and locally, it is referred to as the Motley Castle. Believed to be built as a rural retreat for Mr. A.A. White, a lumber businessman, the house remains a showplace in Motley, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>From the official nomination form:</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District is a historic district that consists of twelve blocks between the 6200 and 7000 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. This strip of commercial and retail businesses, which includes more than 100 buildings, is recognized for its significance with the entertainment industry, particularly Hollywood and its golden age, and it also features the predominant architecture styles of the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Development of the area that would become the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District began in the 1880s, when several developers recognized the area&#39;s potential for entertainment and the arts. The neighborhood was connected by rail to Los Angeles in 1887, Paul de Longpré built its first tourist attraction in 1901, and the entire area was annexed into the city of Los Angeles in 1910.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was built between 1915 and 1939, during the rapid boom of the film industry. Three commercial centers rose and expanded until they merged into one, with every major film studio, the industrys most significant talent and advertising agencies, numerous theaters and movie palaces, and other entertainment-related businesses and institutions located in the area. Many of Los Angeless most notable architects designed the buildings these businesses were in, resulting in a neighborhood filled with significant works, most notably in the Classical Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, and Art Deco styles.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood saw continued success through the 1940s, after which it experienced significant decline. Preservation efforts began in 1980, and in 1985, the entire district was entered into the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District encompasses twelve blocks and 102 buildings in Hollywood, California. The area, close in proximity to classic Hollywood&#39;s major film studios, contains an array of buildings and businesses that catered to the film industry and is generally known for its significant role in the history of cinema. Furthermore, according to the United States Department of the Interior, the area contains "excellent examples of the predominant architecture styles of the 1920s and 1930s" and it retains the development pattern it developed the 1920s – a mix of high-rise buildings separated by smaller retail structures.</p><br>
<p>The integrity of the district is fair, as major landmark buildings remain largely untouched and while many smaller buildings have been altered or covered with signage, their upper stories remain largely unaltered. And while the number of contributing properties is only 56% of the total parcels in the district, it is a significantly higher percentage of the large scale buildings. Other features that add to the historic nature of the district are its colored terrazo entryways, neon signage, the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and its streetlights, the latter of which were developed specifically for the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Overall, the Golden Era of Hollywood is preserved, conveying Hollywood&#39;s historic development and its importance in the movie industry – central to modern United States culture.</p><br>
<h3>Boundaries</h3><br>
<p>The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District boundaries were defined by the United States Department of the Interior based on the area&#39;s remaining integrity. They include twelve blocks along Hollywood Boulevard, from 7065 Hollywood Blvd on the west to the northwest corner of Hollywood and Argyle Avenue on the east. However, certain sections were excluded from this area, including the south side of the 6500-block, most of the north side of the 6600-block, the north side of the 6800-block, and the south side of the 7000-block.</p><br>
<p>Nine buildings just north or south of Hollywood Boulevard were also included in the district, including one on Highland Avenue near Hollywood and Highland, one on Ivar Avenue near Hollywood and Ivar, and seven on Vine Street near Hollywood and Vine.</p><br>
<h3>Contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>57 of the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment Districts 102 properties have been deemed contributing properties. These buildings cover a wide range of purposes, including financial, commercial/mercantile, office, theater, residential, hospitality, food service, institutional, and even one medical and another industrial. Hollywood real estate syndicates, often beneficiaries of studio profits, became de facto patrons to contemporary Los Angeless most renowned architects, including Walker & Eisen, John C. Austin, Parkinson & Parkinson, Curlett & Beelman, and Morgan, Walls & Clements. Even more buildings were designed by the exotic and fanciful Gogerty & Weyl and Meyer & Holler, and even more were either designed or redesigned by noted theater architects S. Charles Lee, G. Albert Lansburgh, B. Marcus Priteca, and showman Sid Grauman.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the district&#39;s contributing properties can be grouped into three styles. Most buildings that housed financial and mercantile institutions were designed in Classical Revival styles, limited by a city ordinance to twelve stories and meant to reflect the prestige of the businesses within. Revival styles featured in the district include Beaux Arts, Georgian, Gothic, Mediterranean, Neoclassical, Renaissance, and Romanesque, with prominent examples that include Hillview Apartments (1919), Security Trust and Savings (1921), Masonic Temple (1921), Taft (1923), Guaranty (1923), Hollywood Professional (1924), and the Christie (1922), Plaza (1924), and Knickerbocker (1929) hotels.</p><br>
<p>The district also has a significant grouping of Spanish Colonial Revival buildings, ones that feature designs meant to create a feeling of sophisticated and upscale yet relaxed shopping and entertainment. The style, which often features courtyards or other open space and extensive Churrigueresque detailing, was used primarily in the district&#39;s low-rise office, retail, service, and entertainment establishments. Prominent examples of this style in the district include Hotel Roosevelt (1924), El Capitan Theatre (1925), and the Baine (1926), Hollywood Toys (1927), and Cherokee (1930) buildings.</p><br>
<p>The third architectural style embraced by the district was Art Deco. This style, which includes Classic Moderne, Streamline Moderne, Zigzag Moderne, and Hollywood Regency, all of which are featured in the district, created a bold statement that promoted Hollywood Boulevard as the "Style Center of the West." The movie industry and related businesses relished the style&#39;s theatricality, and many utilitarian buildings were altered to conform to the look. Prominent examples of this style in the district include J. J. Newberry (1928), Pantages Theater (1930), Max Factor Salon (1931), S. H. Kress (1935), and the 7001 Hollywood Blvd. (1929), Shane (1930), and Julian Medical (1934) buildings.</p><br>
<p>Including and beyond these architectural styles are some of the districts most well known structures: its stage and movie theaters. Featuring a variety of styles and designs, Hollywoods theaters enabled the street to function not just as a business but also an entertainment center. The programmatic Egyptian (1921) and Chinese (1927) as well as the ornate Hollywood (1913, 1933 redesign), El Capitan (1925), Palace (1926), Warner (1927), and Pantages (1930) contributed to the "Hollywood" fantasy for both tourists and locals.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, the district contains several buildings with designs outside these styles. These include the Victorian Janes Residence (1903); Vernacular Musso & Frank (1917) and Seven Seas (1920); Chateausque Holly Cinema (1920), Hallmark (1922, 1931 redesign), Johnnys Steak House (1930), and demolished Gilbert Books (1932); Parisian Montmartre (1922); and International Leeds (1935).</p><br>
<p>Finally, the district contains several buildings that combine styles, including Outpost Building (1920), which combines Spanish Colonial Revival and French Regency; Security Pacific (1927) and Equitable Building (1929), which combine Gothic Revival and Art Deco; Dyas Building (1927, 1938 addition), which features Neoclassical and International Style designs; and Pickwick Books (1917/1925/1936), which features Spanish Colonial Revival, Art Deco, and Vernacular designs.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>45 of the 102 properties in this district were deemed non-contributing. Most are unnamed storefronts, but there are several historic and/or otherwise notable non-contributing buildings as well. Most notable is Garden Court Apartments (1916), which was to be listed as a contributing property before an attempted demolition damaged the building. Other notable non-contributing properties include Alexanders (1917), Artisan Patio (1918), Sardi&#39;s (1923), Vine Street Theater (1923), Old Post Office (1925), Vogue Theater (1935), and the Gitelson (1919), Palmer II (1921), and Laemmle (1932) buildings. Additionally, Woolworth, which the listing incorrectly cites as having been constructed in 1927 was also listed as a non-contributing property. Of these buildings, Garden Court Apartments, Laemmle Building, and the Old Post Office have been demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Unlisted properties</h3><br>
<p>The district contains several notable unlisted properties as well. Most are unlisted because they were built after the district was designated, but a few were built before. Most notably, Iris Theatre, while not listed, was mentioned in the listing as one of the theaters that "created an aura of fantasy for the population of the area — and satisfied the tourists in search of "Hollywood" as well." or Fox Theater (1918), which was known as Iris Theatre from 1918 to 1968.</p><br>
<p>Other notable non-listed properties in the district include Ritz Theatre (1940), Dolby Theatre (2001), Hollywood and Highland Center (2001), and W Hollywood (2010).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>Hollywood Boulevard was originally named Prospect Avenue by John Bower, a miner from the Sierra foothills, who purchased a small government parcel at the intersection of Pass Road (today&#39;s Ivar Avenue) and Prospect in 1872. and Prospect Ave was connected by rail to Los Angeles in 1887 and Laurel Canyon in 1890, with another line connecting the area to Los Angeles, west Los Angeles, and the beach opening in 1901.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, Prospect was still a small dirt road surrounded by lemon orchards and vegetable fields. After 1900, more large establishments were added to the street, including Hollywood Memorial Church (1903-1923) at Prospect and Vine Street, and Hollywood Hotel (1902-1956) at Prospect and Highland Avenue. Janes Residence (1903) was also built during this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, the Beveridge family attempted to rename Prospect Avenue after Paul de Longpré, who they and others believed "had done more than any other man to make Southern California...known to the world," but were not successful as many in the community did not want the street named after a Frenchman. In 1904, the Los Angeles Gas Company installed the city&#39;s first gas meters, which allowed for the appearance of street numbers, and in 1910, Los Angeles annexed Hollywood. Then, on January 5, 1910, the Hollywood Board of Trustees officially renamed Prospect Avenue to Hollywood Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Two of Hollywood&#39;s three major commercial centers began to emerge around this time. The first at Hollywood and Cahuenga was part of the Wilcox/Beveridge ranch respectively. The second at Hollywood and Highland was developed by Whitley and Toberman and saw the Bank of America Building rise opposite the Hollywood Hotel in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood&#39;s first theaters also emerged during this time. Idyl Hour Theater opened at Hollywood and Wilcox in 1910 or 1911, then became Iris Theatre when it moved near Hollywood and Cahuenga in 1914, while Hollywood Theater opened near Hollywood and Highland in 1913 and has remained in its original location ever since, making it making it the oldest theater still standing in the district.</p><br>
<h3>Golden Age of Hollywood Boulevard</h3><br>
<p>Much of Hollywood&#39;s historical landmarks were erected between 1915 and 1939, during the rapid boom of the film industry. Those migrating west saw the vast open land in Hollywood as a promising location for studios, and real estate mogul Charles E. Toberman predicted that Hollywood Boulevard would be a mecca for entertainment. He sold vacant land with the promise that "Hollywood is at a threshold of a new era of development."</p><br>
<p>In 1917, two prominent residential buildings were constructed on Hollywood Boulevard, the luxurious Garden Court Apartments intended for leading members of the film industry, and Hillview Apartments, Hollywoods first artists high-rise. In 1918, Iris Theatre moved to a new 1000-seat location, In 1920, Congregational Church opened, and today it is one of two institutional buildings still standing in the district.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s saw the rise of more buildings along the Boulevard. Around Hollywood and Cahuenga, Palmer Building and Security Trust and Savings were built in 1921, the former home to multiple news organizations while the latter housed a bank that would become "a power center of the entertainment industry," with clients that included Charlie Chaplin, the Three Stooges, Lana Turner, W.C. Fields, Cecil B. DeMille, and Howard Hughes. The Guaranty (1923), Knickerbocker (1925), 303-seat Studio Theatre (1920), and 2700-seat Warner Theatre (1927) also opened near this intersection during this time.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood and Highland and its surroundings saw more exotic development. Most notable were its movie palaces, specifically the Egyptian (1922), site of the worlds first movie premiere, and Chinese (1927), home to Hollywoods famous celebrity handprints and footprints. and the Masonic Temple, built in 1921 and the second of two institutional buildings that remain in the district today. Other notable buildings that went up in this area during this time were Montmartre (1922), Christie Hotel (1922), Hotel Roosevelt (1927), and Security Pacific (1927). The Pig &#39;n Whistle opened in this area in 1927 as well.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s also saw the emergence of Hollywood&#39;s third major commercial center at Hollywood and Vine. Notable dining/drinking establishments that opened in this area include Hollywood Brown Derby (1929) and Frolic Room (1930), and Satyr Book Shop (1926) opened here as well.</p><br>
<p>Additional notable buildings that went up in the district in the 1920s include Hollywood Professional (1924), Hollywood Studio (1927), Security Trust (1928), J. J. Newberry (1928), Cherokee (1929), and Shane (1930). This decade saw so much development that Hollywood&#39;s three commercial centers merged into one, resulting in a pedestrian-oriented neighborhood that featured architectural monuments separated by smaller scaled commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>Hollywoods investors were hit hard by the stock market crash of 1929, causing many retail operations to go out of business. Additionally, several plans for future developments were abandoned. However, the film industry continued to attract tourists and aspiring actors, and the 1930s saw S. Charles Lee restyle much of Hollywood, and Max Factor Salon (1931), whose Hollywood Regency design was emblematic of the theatrical style Hollywood was known for. and three of Hollywoods most notable bookshops, Stanley Rose, Pickwick, and Larry Edmunds, opened in the 1930s, as did Radio City, located just outside the district at Vine Street and Sunset Boulevard.</p><br>
<h3>Continued success</h3><br>
<p>Despite an end to the district&#39;s construction boom, the area experienced continued success through the 1940s. Nearby Radio City brought many radio performers to the district, particularly to Hollywood and Vine and its Equitable Building and Plaza Hotel, the former home to numerous talent and advertising agencies, The nearby Knickerbocker Hotel also retained its popularity with celebrities,</p><br>
<p>At Hollywood and Cahuenga, the Associated Presss Los Angeles bureau joined the Hollywood Citizen in the Palmer Building in 1940, making that location an even more significant news site than it already was. Further west, Fredericks of Hollywood made S. H. Kress their flagship location in 1947, and Hollywood Toys & Costumes moved into the Hollywood Studio Building in 1950, where it would remain for 40+ years before moving one building west.</p><br>
<p>Closer to Hollywood and Highland, Musso and Frank served writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nathaniel West, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Dorothy Parker in their exclusive back room, where they would drink, write, and wait to see if any deals materialized at the Writers Guild across the street. Also across the street, News View Theatre opened in 1940, and the Pig n Whistle closed in 1949, its furnishings relocated to nearby Micelis, which opened the same year. Snow White Cafe also opened in the Christie Realty Building during this time.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood&#39;s movie palaces underwent large changes in the 1940s. In 1942, Paramount Studios converted the El Capitan from a playhouse to a movie palace, renaming it Paramount Theatre while doing so, and in 1944, MGM took over programming at the Egyptian. However, this all changed in 1949, when the United States Supreme Court issued the Paramount Decree, banning movie studios from owning or otherwise programming movie theaters. As a result, spin-off company United Paramount Theatres operated the El Captian while United Artists took over programming at the Egyptian. Similarly, spin-off company Stanley Warner Theatres operated Warner Theater and Howard Hughes bought Pantages Theater.</p><br>
<p>The 1950s saw more success in the district, but also decline. The Knickerbocker and Plaza hotels remained popular destinations, Garden Court Apartments also began to decline during this time.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the district, the 1950s saw the Equitable Building undergo a street level remodel, the Egyptian upgraded to Todd AO, News View Theatre renamed New View Theater as it switched from newsreels to features, and Palace Theatre convert to a television studio, where in 1952 Richard Nixon gave his famous Checkers speech. as was the Cinerama Dome in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Hollywood Walk of Fame was unveiled across the entire district. The project, in the works since 1953, was meant to “maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world.” New street lighting and trees were also included in the project.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>Like much of Los Angeles, Hollywood saw significant decline in the 1960s and 70s. Radio City, a major source of Hollywood and Vine&#39;s success, was demolished in 1964, and the surrounding area deteriorated soon after. The Knickerbocker closed as a hotel and reopened as senior housing in 1970. The Equitable Building fared somewhat better, undergoing a $1 million renovation in 1969, after which nearby Capitol Records occupied 44,500 ft&sup2; of office space on the third through eighth floors. But despite this, the building also experienced high vagrancy and decline.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the district, Hollywood Wax Museum opened in the Christie Realty Building in 1965, the Masonic Temple began leasing out its ground floor in the 1970s and was sold altogether in 1982, the Church of Scientology bought the Christie Hotel in 1974, Shane Building housed The Masque from 1977-1978, and Garden Court Apartments was vacated in 1980, after which it was inhabited by squatters and nicknamed "Hotel Hell."</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s theaters also underwent significant change during this time. Pacific Theatres bought Pantages Theater in 1967 and ten years later they partnered with Nederlander Organization to reopen the movie palace as a playhouse. Pacific Theatres also bought Warner Theatre in 1968, at which point renamed it Hollywood Pacific Theatre, and in 1978 they converted the theater into three theaters and that they named Pacific 1-2-3. Pacific Theatres also bought New View Theater in 1968 and Vine Theatre in the 1970s, and converted the latter to a Spanish language theater and a two-dollar grindhouse.</p><br>
<p>Outside Pacific Theatres, Fox Theatres bought Iris Theatre in 1965 and renamed it Fox Theater, Pussycat Theaters bought Pacific Theatre&#39;s New View Theatre in 1974 and renamed it Pussycat Theater, Hollywood Theatre was renovated in 1977, and Palace Theatre was converted to a concert venue and nightclub in 1978.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1980, Hollywood Heritage was formed to identify and save historic structures in Hollywood. Within the next five years, four buildings in the district were listed either as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments (LAHCM), in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), or both:</p><br>
<p>Janes House (LAHCM #227, April 30, 1980)</p><br>
<p>Garden Court Apartments (LAHCM #243, April 28, 1981)</p><br>
<p>Security Trust and Savings (NRHP #83001204, August 18, 1983)</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Masonic Temple (LAHCM #277, June 12, 1984)</p><br>
<p>In addition to the above, three buildings and the Hollywood Walk of Fame had already been listed before Hollywood Heritage was formed:</p><br>
<p>Grauman&#39;s Chinese Theatre (LAHCM #55, June 5, 1968)</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Pantages Theatre (LAHCM #193, July 5, 1978)</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Walk of Fame (LAHCM #194, July 5, 1978)</p><br>
<p>Guaranty Building (NRHP #79000481, September 4, 1979)</p><br>
<p>On April 4, 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District was added to the National Register of Historic Places, with 57 contributing properties listed in the district. Many of these have also been designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in the years since, as has William Stromberg Clock, Raymond Chandler Square, and non-contributing Artisan&#39;s Patio Complex, all located in the district. Garden Court Apartments was initially considered as a contributing property but ultimately not listed due to the state of the building, which at the time was badly damaged by an attempted demolition.</p><br>
<h3>Continued decline</h3><br>
<p>Despite the district&#39;s historic designation, it experienced continued decline throughout the 1980s and into the 90s. Garden Court Apartments was demolished in 1984, this despite it being listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. The Dyas Building lost its primary tenant in 1982 and Millers Stationers moved out of its building in 1986, citing crime and vagrancy in the area. Max Factor also moved out of its salon, the building then turned into a museum that closed in 1996.</p><br>
<p>On the theater front, Studio Theatre, which had been renamed Holly Cinema, closed in 1986; Pussycat Theater, which had become Ritz Theatre, closed in 1991; and even the prestigious Egyptian shut down in 1992, after which it fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>The 1994 Northridge earthquake caused even more damage to the district. Worst hit was Hollywood Brown Derby, which was condemned after the earthquake and demolished soon after. Fox Theater also closed in 1994 due to earthquake damage and Vogue Theatre closed in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Despite all this, the district did experience some successes during this time. In 1986, Janes Residence reopened as an information center with a 14,000 ft&sup2; mini-mall in front, this despite the NRHP listing describing the Janes Residence interior as dilapidated just two years prior. and in 1989, after the Paramount Decree was relaxed, the Walt Disney Company bought the El Capitan, at which point the theater underwent a $14 million renovation and reopened in 1991 as the studio&#39;s flagship. and Guinness World of Records Museum in the Hollywood Theater in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Scientology also bought three more buildings in the district during this time: Guaranty in 1988 and Congregational Church and Security Trust in 1995.</p><br>
<h3>Revitalization</h3><br>
<p>The district&#39;s fortunes began to change in the late 1990s. In 1996, the American Cinematheque bought the Egyptian for a nominal $1, with the provision that the building be restored to its original grandeur and reopened as a movie theater. The Cinematheque raised $12.8 million to pay for the restoration, which included the addition of palm trees in the forecourt and a second theater in the building. The theater reopened to the public on December 4, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Equitable Building was rehabilitated between 1999 and 2001, and the district was also connected to the Los Angeles Metro during this time, with a B Line stop at Hollywood and Vine opening in 1999 and another at Hollywood and Highland opening in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the revitalization effort, however, was the $430 million Hollywood and Highland Center. This construction, which took the place of the First Federal Savings and Loan Building on the site of the former Hollywood Hotel, featured 640,000 ft&sup2; of commercial space around a Babylonian themed courtyard, six levels of underground parking, and the 179,000 ft&sup2, 3,600-seat Kodak Theatre, the new home of the Academy Awards.</p><br>
<p>The district saw numerous renovations both during and after Hollywood and Highland Center construction. The neighboring Chinese Theatre underwent a $5 million restoration and modernization while the Hollywood and Highland Center was built, and a Chinese-themed six-plex was added to the Center to connect it to the theater. Across the street, the Walt Disney Company renovated their recently acquired Masonic Temple in 2002 Nearby, a Mels Drive-In opened in Max Factor Salons one-story wing in 2001, while the Hollywood Museum took over the rest of the building in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood and Vine saw its own large-scale development: the $600 million W Hollywood Hotel and Residences, Gilbert Books was demolished to make way for this project, while the Stores (1632 N. Vine St.) building survived multiple eminent domain attempts and was not.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere in the district, Shane Building was converted to production offices in 2000, Dyas Building to condominiums in 2005, Janes Residence to a restaurant in 2006, and Fox Theater to a lounge/nightclub in 2009. Similarly, Hillview Apartments was renovated and reopened in 2006, and the district&#39;s streetlights were renovated that same year.</p><br>
<p>Renovations and revitalizations continued throughout the 2010s. In 2013, the Chinese was converted to IMAX and Janes Residence to a speakeasy, in 2015, Vine Theatre was converted to a Dolby showcase theater and in 2021, Hillview Apartments was restored and Musso & Frank expanded for the first time in 66 years. Furthermore, Kodak Theatre was renamed Dolby Theatre in 2012, a pedestrian scramble was added to Hollywood and Highland in 2015 and Hollywood and Vine in 2018, "ALL BLACK LIVES MATTER" was painted down the median of Hollywood Boulevard west of Highland Avenue in 2020, and Amoeba Music relocated into the district in 2021.</p><br>
<p>It was not all successes during this time. Fredericks of Hollywood vacated S. H. Kress in 2005, after which the building underwent a $30 million renovation, re-opening in 2008 as a multi-use dining and entertainment venue that would go vacant three years later. Security Pacific also went vacant in 2008, iO West ceased operations and Palmer Building was condemned in 2018, and several businesses were unable to survive the COVID-19 lockdowns, including Fox Theaters new lounge/nightclub and the Pig &#39;n Whistle, the latter of which was gutted and turned into a cantina.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>The Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District remains a focal point for the film, entertainment, and tourism industries in Los Angeles. Numerous films hold their world premieres in the district, commonly at the Chinese or in the case of Disney, the El Capitan, with the larger premieres often shutting down Hollywood Boulevard outside the theaters. The Academy Awards are held at the Dolby Theatre every year (also with street closures), Jimmy Kimmel Live shoots daily at the Masonic Temple, and Pantages Theater has become the one of the most prestigious theater venues in Los Angeles. Musso & Frank, Frolic Room, Boardner&#39;s, Larry Edmunds Bookshop, Hollywood Toys & Costumes, Amoeba Records, and numerous other establishments continue to do business in the district, as do a multitude of museums that moved in over the years. The Walk of Fame unveils an average of two new stars every month, each accompanied by a media event, and hand and footprints continue to be added to the Chinese forecourt.</p><br>
<p>Renovation and revitalization of the district is ongoing. 2022 saw the Hollywood and Highland Center rebranded Ovation Hollywood, with all Babylonian theming removed; 2023 saw another renovation at the Egyptian, this one by its new owner Netflix, who amongst other alterations removed every aesthetic addition received over the years, effectively bringing the theater back to its original form; and 2024 saw the abrupt closure of Snow White Cafe.</p><br>
<p>Other renovations that have been announced but not yet taken place include preserving Security Trust and Savings and converting Palmer Building into a hotel. Furthermore, the City of Los Angeles has proposed a comprehensive renovation of the district&#39;s entire streetscape, with changes that include: adding sidewalk dining, event plazas, and community gathering spaces; improving landscaping, lighting, signage, and mobility access; doubling pedestrian space; and restoring the Walk of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Burlington State Armory is a historic building located at 191 14th St. in Burlington, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Burlington State Armory was constructed by National Guard captain Sidney Frazier in 1926. He had designed numerous buildings in Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Utah, and Washington including the Chemistry Building at Colorado State University. It is the only state armory in east-central Colorado and was used by the public for community gatherings and social events. On June 4, 1951, a Burlington resident held a funeral for himself in the Armory prior to his death.</p><br>
<p>The two-story building was designed with Tudor Revival architecture and contains similar features to other armories of the time, which included "a battlement roofline, a central pavilion with twin polygonal towers flanking the entrance, and a massive central doorway". It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Guardian Angels Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 371-375 Fifth Street in Manistee, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Catholic church in Manistee, Saint Mary, was constructed in 1862. In the 1870s and 1880s, both mining and timber industries ramped up productions, bringing a wave of new residents to Manistee. Many of these were Catholic immigrants from France, Ireland, Germany, and Poland, and soon the Saint Mary Church was running low on space. In addition, the ethnic tensions then current in Europe were imported to the new world, and Manistee&#39;s Catholic congregation became frayed. In 1884, the Polish population opened their own parish, Saint Joseph. This eased the space issues, but led the German and Irish immigrants to petition for their own parish as well. This new church, the Guardian Angel church, was commissioned in 1888. Father Herman Grimme was assigned as pastor.</p><br>
<p>Money was raised in the summer of 1888 for the new church, and Adolphus Druiding, who had a reputation as a designer of modest Midwestern churches, was hired to design the church. The firm of Noud and Kenny was contracted for construction, and work began in August 1888. Bishop Richter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids laid the cornerstone in September. The exterior work continued quickly, and was substantially complete by January 1889. Much of the interior was done by May, but the church was not dedicated until December 1890.</p><br>
<p>However, Father Herman Grimme succumbed to typhoid fever in 1891. He was succeeded by Father J.M. Steffes, who stayed with the parish for the next forty-six years. By 1899, the parish had over 800 parishioners. Because of this growth, a three-story schoolhouse was constructed in 1892–93, and a Sisters of Mercy convent next door was constructed in 1903. A rectory was added in 1907. By the 1920s, Guardian Angels school had 150 to 200 students.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Guardian Angels Church is a Gothic Revival architecture Gothic Revival brick structure. The brickwork is highly decorative, and contains multiple patterns, banding, and corbelling. The main façade is dominated by a large centrally located bell tower, which at 180 feet is the tallest structure in Manistee. The tower contains an integrated four-sided clock and a large rose window. It is topped with a shingled steeple and a fourteen-foot white cross. The bell tower is flanked by stepped parapets on which are square turrets with open galleries. At the bottom of the tower is a front entrance consisting of two eight-foot-tall wooden doors. Two additional single doors flank the central entrance. Above these are symmetrical stained glass windows. All window and door entrances feature a round arch top.</p><br>
<p>The church is built in basilica form, and contains a high altar at one end surrounded by a large rounded apse. The nave seats four hundred fifty people. There are six large stained glass windows along either side of the sanctuary, and six stained glass windows behind eyebrow windows above the nave. A balcony is located at the rear, and originally provided seating space for an additional two hundred persons, It was converted to house a 1910 Henry Reinisch pipe organ in a quarter sawn oak encasement.</p><br>
<p>Rookwood Apartments is a historic apartment building at 718–734 Noyes Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1927. Architects Conner & OConnor designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The buildings design includes limestone trim, large square blocks of stone separating the casement windows, and ashlar stone entrances and courtyard walls. The building is noteworthy among Evanston&#39;s apartments for its two courtyards; one is open and faces the street, while the second is more private and to the side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Sheridan Square Apartments is a historic apartment building at 620-638 Sheridan Square in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1924. The building has an S-shaped layout which wraps around a corner and features an open courtyard. Architect Anthony Quitsow designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The building&#39;s design features Gothic arched entrances, French windows with limestone spandrels, limestone banding near the roof, and several double gables facing the street.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Stoneleigh Manor is a historic apartment building at the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Main Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1913. Architect John A. Nyden, an Evanston resident who designed several apartment buildings in the city, designed the building in the Prairie School style. The buildings design includes canopied entrances flanked by columns and leadlights, limestone banding, and wide overhanging eaves. Each floor of the building has four rooms, which included amenities such as sunrooms, fireplaces, a vacuum cleaning system, and maids rooms in some units.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Tudor Manor is a historic apartment building at 524 Sheridan Square in Evanston, Illinois. The brick three-flat was built in 1916. Architect Louis C. Bouchard designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The buildings design includes multiple large bay windows, an arched entrance, a crenellated roofline, and multiple ornate chimneys. Each apartment originally included amenities such as a sunroom, a library, a maids room, a fireplace, mahogany detailing, and a vacuum cleaning system.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Westminster is a historic apartment building at 632-640 Hinman Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1912. The building has a U-shaped layout with a wide central courtyard. Architect John A. Nyden, who lived in Evanston and designed several other apartment buildings in the city, designed the Prairie School building. The building&#39;s design features limestone banding, arched entrances, wood mullions on the windows, and a hipped roof with a bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Buildings at 2517, 2519, and 2523 Central Street are three related apartment buildings at 2517, 2519, and 2523 Central Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three two-flats were built as part of one development project in 1927. Architect Arthur Jacobs designed all three buildings using a consistent theme, so that the three buildings would have different designs but appear as parts of a complex. Common features to each building include a light-colored brick exterior, a projecting front facade, stone trim, and green tile roofs. All three buildings have a vertical emphasis, which is created by either buttresses or piers. Each building has an ornate roof line; 2517 has a parapet crested by pinnacles, 2519 has brick piers capped by urns which extend above the roof, and 2523 has a parapet with limestone coping and pinnacles.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added individually to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>NOPSI New Orleans, or the NOPSI Hotel, is a hotel in the historic NOPSI building in downtown New Orleans, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The building is the former headquarters of New Orleans&#39; main utilities company, the New Orleans Public Service Incorporated, which was set up in 1922 to consolidate numerous separate public utilities firms. Its nine-story building was designed by architects Favrot and Livaudais, and was constructed in 1927. The building "displayed some of the finest architectural finishes throughout the whole city. Perhaps the greatest feature was the ornate lobby that resembled the ground floor of a bank."</p><br>
<p>The NOPSI entity relocated away in 1983, and the building was then vacant for many years. In 1991 it was included as a contributing building in the listing of the New Orleans Lower Central Business District onto the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Eventually it was converted into the current 217-room hotel, which opened in 2017.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as a member of the Historic Hotels of America program since 2016.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is noted as one of few boutique hotels owned by black women. Sheila Johnson, NOPSI&#39;s owner who has had other business successes, is credited with reopening the hotel after it had been unused since the 1980s. It is deemed to be a luxury hotel, and its grand lobby has been asserted to be stunning.</p><br>
<p>New Orleans City Business pointed out in 2021 that the renovation was an adaptive reuse project, one of few recent at that time, as suitable properties in New Orleans central business district were simply not available.</p><br>
<p>It is now a top New Orleans hotel.</p><br>
<p>The building is located essentially on the northwest corner of the intersection of Union and Baronne Streets. A small rectangular plaza at the very corner, however, makes a notched footprint into the building, so the buildings footprint forms a very heavy L-shape around that rectangle. The plaza is walled off from the sidewalks and is part of the NOPSI property. It is just three blocks (0.2 mi northeast along Baronne to New Orleans major Canal Street thoroughfare, and then just one block southeast to the beginning of Bourbon Street, noted as a major entrance into the French Quarter.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s roof sports an outdoor pool.</p><br>
<p>The Buildings at 815–817 Brummel and 819–821 Brummel are two historic apartment buildings in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1928 and 1927 respectively, the two three-story buildings have identical, mirrored Tudor Revival designs. Despite being identical, the buildings were designed by two different architects; 815–817 was designed by E.L. Kline, while 819–821 was designed by Kocher & Larson. Each building features a brick exterior with limestone detailing, Tudor arched entrances, double gables with a diamond pattern facing the street, and crenellation and a small tower on the courtyard-facing side. The two buildings encircle a shared open courtyard, causing them to resemble a single U-shaped courtyard apartment building; while such courtyard apartments are common in Evanston, the buildings are the only multi-building example of the design.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1101–1113 Maple Avenue is a historic rowhouse building in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1892, the three-story building includes seven attached rowhouses. Late nineteenth century rowhouses such as this were precursors to Evanstons suburban apartment buildings of the early twentieth century, which also offered house-like living in a multi-family setting. Architect S.H. Warner designed the building in the Queen Anne style. The buildings design includes gambrel porch roofs, projecting bays, patterned shingle siding, and a corner turret.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1209–1217 Maple Avenue is a historic rowhouse building in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1892, the three-story building consists of five rowhouses. The building was one of several rowhouses built in Evanston in the late nineteenth century; the rowhouses were a precursor to the citys wave of suburban apartments, which also offered house-like living in a multi-unit building. Prominent Chicago architects Holabird & Roche designed the building in the Queen Anne style. The building features porches at each units entrance, projecting bays, and a gambrel gable and two triangular gables separated by dormers.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Benbow Inn, near Garberville, California, is a hotel built in 1926.</p><br>
<p>It was an early hotel on the Redwood Highway and was originally called the Hotel Benbow.</p><br>
<p>The Benbow Inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is built of Douglas fir in the Tudor Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It is a member of the Historic Hotels of America.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Benbow Historic Inn was designed by architect Albert Farr, who was famous for designing The Wolf House for novelist Jack London. The Benbow family built the hotel, the Benbow Dam, Power Company, as well as the nearby recreational vehicle park and golf course as part of their resort community along the Redwood Highway.</p><br>
<p>The Benbow Inn was host to Hollywood&#39;s elite and other high standing political guests, offering them fine dining, horseback riding, golfing, hiking, swimming, boating, and fishing in the nearby Eel River.</p><br>
<p>The Lottie Roth Block is an historic commercial building located near downtown Bellingham, Washington and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. Built by quarry manager and Washington State Legislator Charles Roth and named after his wife, Lottie, the building is clad in the famous Chuckanut Sandstone from his Bellingham Bay Quarry that would be used in countless building projects across the region. Completed in 1891, it was one of the last large commissions of noted Northwest architect Elmer H. Fisher and his only project in Whatcom County. While initially built as an office/retail building in anticipation of the commercial expansion of the town of Whatcom, it was converted entirely to apartments by 1912 when commercial development moved in the opposite direction towards New Whatcom, which after 1903 became the new city of Bellingham&#39;s downtown. Still strictly serving as a residential building to the current day, the Lottie Roth Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Independence Roth was born in Peoria, Illinois on July 4, 1860 (the source of his middle name). First practicing as a lawyer, he was admitted to the bar in 1881 and arrived in Washington Territory in 1883, settling immediately in what was then known as Whatcom where he was elected probate judge in 1884. The following year he married Charlotte "Lottie" T. Roeder, the daughter of the pioneer Captain Henry Roeder, the first permanent white settler in Whatcom County and founder of the Chuckanut Quarry which would become famous for its Chuckanut sandstone. Roth soon became manager of the quarry and within a few more years would become co-owner. Following the Great Seattle Fire in June 1889 (among many other fires that ravaged Washingtons major cities that Summer), Roths sandstone became very high in demand, earning him a small fortune which in turn was invested into real estate around Whatcom County, including the future site of the Roth Block.</p><br>
<p>One of Roths biggest clients was architect Elmer H. Fisher who was at the forefront of rebuilding downtown Seattle and whose Romanesque Revival designs called for heavy use of his sandstone. In 1890 Roth commissioned Fisher to design a 3-story commercial and office building for one of his properties in Whatcom at the Northeast corner of Holly and G Streets, at the northern fringe of the business district. It was to be clad in his quarrys sandstone on the West and South elevations as a form of advertising. Construction began in the Summer of 1890. Several other large buildings of similar composition using Roth&#39;s sandstone were being constructed around Bellingham at the time, including the Pike Block at Holly & Elk Streets and the Whatcom County Courthouse, both of which would be demolished in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>In February 1891, just as the Roth Block was being completed, Whatcom merged with the adjacent New Whatcom and the focus of commercial development soon shifted to the higher, more level townsite leaving the Roth Block even more isolated as the surrounding area began to transition to more industrial uses.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, under the direction of up and coming local architect F. Stanley Piper, the building&#39;s interior was completely remodeled, converting the office suites into 18 apartments. A floor was added by splitting the retail level into two and filling in the storefronts with smaller windows and more sandstone. A single shop was retained on the lower level corner.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Saranac is a historic hotel in Saranac Lake, New York, a town formerly served by the Adirondack Railway. Its full name is Hotel Saranac, Curio Collection by Hilton. The hotel has 102 rooms and 20 suites.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by local architects William Scopes and Maurice Feustmann in an austere Colonial Revival (or Neo-Georgian) style and built in 1927. The hotel is a symmetrically arranged, six-story building clad in brick veneer. In order to ensure fire safety, the hotel was built with steel framing and concrete floors. The large lobby on the second floor was modeled after the Grand Salon of the Davanzati Palace in Florence.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed in 2013, underwent a $35-million renovation, and reopened in 2018. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.</p><br>
<p>It is a member of the Historic Hotels of America.</p><br>
<p>It claimed when opened to have been the first fireproof hotel in the Adirondacks.</p><br>
<p>It was owned and operated by Paul Smith&#39;s College from 1962 to 2006. It was used by the college for on-the-job training as part of its hotel, resort, and culinary management program.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1316 Maple Avenue is a historic apartment building at 1316 Maple Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story cream brick building was built in 1928. Architect Edward M. Sieja designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The buildings design includes limestone quoins, projecting bays, casement windows, and a parapet at the roof. The buildings lobby features wooden ceiling beams and a mosaic tile floor, giving it the appearance of a castle&#39;s great hall.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1401–1407 Elmwood Avenue is a historic rowhouse building at 1401–1407 Elmwood Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1890, the three-story building includes four rowhouse units. It was one of several rowhouses built in the late nineteenth century in Evanston; these rowhouses were a precursor to Evanstons many suburban apartments, which also offered house-like living in a multi-unit setting. Architect Stephen A. Jennings, a prominent Evanston architect who designed several of Evanstons large single-family homes, designed the building. The building&#39;s design includes a large central gable, enclosed porches supported by arches on the corner units, porches with shed roofs on the central units, and a bracketed wooden cornice.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1505–1509 Oak Avenue is a historic apartment building in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1925. The building is L-shaped with a half courtyard, a relatively common apartment layout in Evanston. Samuel N. Crowen, who also designed 1450-56 Oak Avenue and the Abbey Garth Building at 400 Lee Street, was the architect of the building. The building&#39;s design features limestone pilasters separating its windows, limestone quoins, pilasters and a pediment around the entrance, and a brick parapet.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 1929–1931 Sherman Avenue is a historic apartment building in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1928. The building has an L-shaped layout with a half courtyard, a relatively common layout for Evanstons apartments. Architects Maher and McGrew, who designed several other buildings in Evanston, designed the building in the Tudor Revival style. The buildings design features large sections of rough limestone on the basement level, limestone quoins, segmental arched windows, half-timbering, and a series of gables and dormers at the roof line.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 417–419 Lee Street is a historic apartment building in Evanston, Illinois. The two-story four-flat building was built in 1902. Architect Edgar O. Blake, an Evanston architect who had designed houses in the city since the 1870s, designed the building. The building&#39;s design includes a Georgian entrance with side columns, sidelights, and a fanlight, limestone banding, a wooden entablature, and a brick parapet. The four apartments are an early example of upper-class apartment design in Evanston; of particular note are its screened porches, which were a precursor to the sunrooms commonly seen in later buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 548–606 Michigan Avenue is a historic building in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brown brick building was built in 1924. Architect N. Hilton Smith designed the building, which incorporates elements of Gothic and Prairie School architecture. The building&#39;s design features geometric themes, projecting bays, terra cotta detailing, and a brick parapet. The building encircles a recessed courtyard with a wrought iron gate and multicolored stone paths.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Edmund B. Hayes Hall is a historic building on the South Campus of the University at Buffalo. It is a Georgian Revival style building with an attached bell tower. It is named after engineer and businessman Edmund B. Hayes whose bequest funded the remodeling of the facility for university use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edmund B. Hayes Hall was first built in 1874 to house the Insane Department of the Erie County Almshouse. In 1893, the building was converted into a county hospital that contained 400 beds. The land that the hall is on would be acquired by the University of Buffalo in 1909. By 1927, the university was renovating the building to convert it into a building suitable to hold classes. On February 22, 1928, the building would be dedicated by the university. At the dedication, University at Buffalo chancellor Samuel Capen stated he hoped the building would become a central image to the university saying "from its nature and its central position this building is destined to be the focus of the life of the University for many years, perhaps for many generations. It will be preeminently the visual symbol of the University both to the members of the institution and to the community at large."</p><br>
<p>The building underwent $45 million in renovations between 2011 and 2016. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Edmund B. Hayes Hall now serves as the School of Architecture and Planning at the university.</p><br>
<p>Hayes Hall by night, University at Buffalo South Campus, Buffalo, New York - 20191222.jpgClock tower at night, 2019</p><br>
<p>UBsouth campus wide shot.jpgCrosby Hall with Hayes Hall in the background, 2012</p><br>
<p>The Division of St. John Historic District, in Covington, Louisiana, also known as the Covington Historic District, is a 100 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is the original portion of Covington, on the east of north–south USA 190; Business 190 also known as LA 21 runs through it, is E. Boston St.</p><br>
<p>The unusual layout of the town dates from 1813, and is deemed a contributing site in the listing. It was laid out in 360 ft square blocks, each with a small central square; the squares became known as "oxlots" due to tethering of oxen and other livestock in them.</p><br>
<p>The listing included 170 contributing buildings and 77 intrusions (non-contributing), mostly one-story and spread relatively evenly throughout. Of the structures, six were from before 1880, 163 structures from 1881 to 1930, and 77 structures from 1931 on.</p><br>
<p>A local landmark in the district is the Southern Hotel, a two-story commercial brick building with shopfronts on the ground level, built in 1911. In 1982, it was undergoing restoration. It consisted of 305, 307, 313, 315, and 317 New Hampshire, and 426, 428, 430, 434 Boston. It has "two corner projecting pavilions, matching balconies on the wings, fixed awnings with overhead transoms, arched windows with arched lintels, and elaborate brackets."</p><br>
<p>"Collins employed an unusual urban planning scheme in laying out the district.</p><br>
<p>Each block, measuring 360 f®6*1 square f was created with a small central square which connected to the street system by alleyways. These areas of 120 feet square were to be held in common.* They became known as oxlots, undoubtedly because farmers and merchants, would tether oxen and livestock within the sites. Today the oxlots constitute more than nine acres of open space within the urban area.</p><br>
<p>The ox lots continue to play a major role in Covington&#39;s historical landscape as a unique urban design. The 20 blocks within the current district boundaries were all planned with ox lots. Of these, only 2 blocks contain large intrusions. The surviving 18 ox lots have varying degrees of encroachment, with nine largely unintruded upon (Photos 2, 3, & 4), and one completely pristine. Therefore, this unusual resource remains over 60% intact.</p><br>
<p>The mere survival of these urban spaces is remarkable, as they could have been easily eliminated or obliterated. Careful evaluation of the existing encroachments reveals that the ox lots are still essentially open, and have retained their confined, semi-naturalistic character. These spaces are a major component of "Covington&#39;s cultural and historical assets, which must be recognized in the unifying pattern of architecture and the landscape."</p><br>
<p>"Extant buildings are post-1880 due to two major fires which destroyed much of the district. Subsequent redevelopment booms in the lumber and "ozone" resort industries precipitated architectural growth in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>A. Commercial Business District The existing structures in the District of St. John integrate residential and commercial usage. The major concentration of business activity developed in the vicinity of the Southern Hotel and the New Orleans-Great Northern Railroad, extending eastward. The buildings are principally one and two story brick structures with recessed storefront entries, fixed awnings, and arched windows remotely derived from the Victorian Renaissance Revival (Photo 5). Limited to a central six block area, these buildings are closely spaced with no setbacks (Photo 6). Many former domestic buildings adjacent to this area have been adapted for commercial use, which provides a diverse streetscape image.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Hotel in Covington, Louisiana, is located in the Division of St. John Historic District also known as the Covington Historic District, a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is a local landmark. It is a two-story commercial brick building with shopfronts on the ground level, built in 1907. In 1982, it was undergoing restoration. It consisted of 305, 307, 313, 315, and 317 New Hampshire, and 426, 428, 430, 434 Boston. It has "two corner projecting pavilions, matching balconies on the wings, fixed awnings with overhead transoms, arched windows with arched lintels, and elaborate brackets."</p><br>
<p>It is a member of the Historic Hotels of America. It dates from 1907. It was reopened as a hotel in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 813–815 Forest Avenue is a historic apartment building in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1929. The building has an L-shaped layout with a half courtyard, a relatively common pattern among Evanstons apartments. Architect Jens J. Jensen designed the building in the Tudor Revival style, a popular choice for the time. The buildings design includes Tudor arched entrances, lancet windows, projecting bays, and a crenellated tower.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 923–925 Michigan Avenue is a historic apartment building in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1916. Architect Robert De Golyer, the architect for several other apartment buildings in Evanston and Chicago, designed the building, moving in once it was complete. The building features bow windows, pilasters and a fanlight around the entrance, and a dentillated cornice. Each of the buildings six apartments included living rooms with fireplaces, sun porches, maids rooms, vacuum systems, and access to heated garages.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 999 Michigan, 200 Lee is a historic apartment building at the southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Lee Street in Evanston, Illinois. The three-story brick building was built in 1927. Architects McNally and Quinn designed the Tudor Revival building. The buildings design features arched entrances, projecting bays, limestone window moldings, decorative gargoyles, and a parapet with several gables. The Tudor design continues in the buildings interior, which includes wood panels in its lobby, wrought iron balustrades on its staircases, and marble fireplaces in the apartments themselves.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Some of the apartments contain three or four bedrooms; often a maid&#39;s room with an attached bath. This building was one of the first apartment buildings to follow the many single-family homes built to capitalize on the lakefront view.</p><br>
<p>The Gage Park Bungalow Historic District is a residential historic district in the Gage Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The district includes 465 Chicago bungalows and eighteen other residential buildings. The bungalows were built between 1919 and 1931, a time in which single-family homeownership became broadly accessible in Chicago; as bungalows could be mass-built affordably, they appealed to these new homeowners. Gage Park, an underbuilt neighborhood in southwest Chicago, was one of the many outlying areas of the city in which large numbers of new bungalows were built in the early twentieth century. While the bungalows have a consistent shape and are set back evenly from the street, giving the district a uniform appearance, variations in color, brick patterns, and roof forms differentiate the individual houses.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 2020.</p><br>
